BSidesKharkiv 2018 Logan Hicks - HACKING, JACKING, AND JAMMING DRONES, HARDWARE ENGINEERING WORKSHOP

all right so what we're gonna be doing here in this workshop is I'm gonna be actually teaching you a lot of the basic intermediate and some advanced physics and mathematics so that you can actually build your own systems so it's not just gonna be a regular DIY where they just like hey this is how you do things blah blah blah I'm actually got graph paper here I've got paper here I've got plenty of pens there's no excuse there's more than enough for everybody and we're gonna actually sit down and we're gonna design something and I'm gonna teach you what it's like to be an engineer and making your own whatever you decided to build because today is Tuesday we build

things on a regular basis where I'm at I'm with the Board of Directors or international estate research and development as well as several other organizations that Isis a member of or some directors up and I also own several companies and we specialize primarily and research and development of probably some of the craziest technology that unfortunately most never get to hear about because our DoD and other organizations like that but I've built a lot of crazy things in my day and I got a lot huh yeah yeah yeah I actually helped build Fort Meade and tore down sky 7 so that was their last home yeah it's not really there like all over the place nowadays especially in Australia

which I still don't understand about kangaroos and spiders that want to kill you but yeah so one of the things that I will say before we get too heavily into this is please hold your questions for a little while and that's so that I can I can get you up to speed to the point where you'll need to be because I'm not assuming that anybody knows anything about anything ever for advanced people this might be a little boring for little while for some people though it'll help you get to the point where everybody's in the same page or close enough to it to where you can function and the meat and potatoes as I like to call it so we're gonna jump

straight on into the content this is a breakdown of what volts are we're gonna cover volts ants and watts they're the three core pieces to anything electrical of any kind or electronic without those three core aspects everything just blows up the second you plug it in another the other keep in mind is SI units and non-standard which is very prominent these days where people just kind of shot from the hip made a couple of things and well as engineers we just adopted it because we liked it and it made our lives a lot easier but going on in jumping into this problem is a derived unit of electric potential so when you're looking at a volt it's not

so much a V on a battery or something really sparkly that you see coming out of a Taser it's more so of a concept and it's a that'll make a lot more sense in a little bit once we start getting into current for amperage and the wattage which most people on your computer are familiar with is wattage which your power supply is leverage but it's electro-motive force and the easiest way to experience voltage in a safe manner which we're gonna see some other ways of experiencing voltage here in a minute let's take a balloon rub it on the floor and then hold over your hair that tingling feeling that you feel that's a low voltage pressure and that's what

most people have experienced a lot in voltage and when you touch something that's both it's discharge so that's you actually grounding out and you end up actually getting electrocuted so everyone is put in the electrocuted at least once hopefully pretty great so the formulas are very important in this presentation which I'll be sharing with everybody the the formulas are in here both the basic the advanced and the extremely advanced once we start looking at leveraging alternating currents on a one phase and three-phase us uses one phase and three phase for some weird reason and burns like seventy percent of the power they produce just trying to get power to houses whereas in the rest of the world has common sense and

leverages three base but do keep that in mind that you're working with alternating current because it does impact how your formulas are calculated they're going on to the next one this will be our first video I like this video it's great so this is going to help you break down and understand what voltage is and why voltage is so you've got two Tasers both are at 25 watts at 9 milliamps with 200,000 volts the other has 7 watts one milliamp and 1 million volts you decide to let your friends tase you with a Taser which Taser do you choose the latest so the first one or the second one is the same why because it's not

killing you it's the that is correct a high number voltage does much it's a lot of pressure but if I blow on you with a lot of pressure for a microsecond you're not even gonna move you're not gonna feel anything it's the current that kills you and with 1 million you're literally not going to feel it you're not gonna feel anything so I openly welcome someone to taze me with a million volt 1 milliamp taser especially if I get free beer out of it this 25 volt one Wyatt one with the 9 milliamps that'll put you on the floor for like a good 20 minutes and we'll come back to that video cuz it's just the best video

so I'm getting into watts of what is unit power so when you hear unit of power do you think electricity well that's not necessarily the case there are multiple ways to measure and calculate power it's based on the concept of application powerful one thing can be electricity power for another can be lifting or moving capacity so it really depends on your application for hours we're gonna leverage the International System of Units which is SI units I don't know why they did it this way I think is unit would make more sense because International System of Units but they did SI units instead so it derives it as a unit of one Joule per second so a

Joule is a measurement of energy which again just like the other form of Power has multiple applications based on what you're leveraging for an hour an instance it will be store capacity of energy for electrical application which will have a relative application to almost everyone in this room if you've ever gone looking for a mobile charger for instance you've noticed that it's an mah which is milliamp hours and joules which is when marketing teams just hate everyone and decide hey it's a big number that's used joules instead because the calculation back to milliamp hours is a nightmare which we'll cover later and watch a commonly called power it's named after James Watts he's done quite a few things dead now to include

horsepower and Watts are leverage for the measurement of power and pretty much everything we use laptops cell phones batteries car batteries and leverages watts but we'll get on that later release the formulas watch those one balls time averaged like I said this is extremely significant based on whether you're looking at alternating or direct current because alternating current has one phase and three phase and impacts your formulas for calculation this is a demonstration of the confusing nature of application like I said one one equals one Joule the second nanometers sorry Newton Newton meters a second kilograms we've squared over a second cube it's really depends on the application and purpose and then we get into another one

it is voltage over ohms which is resistance so if you've got a current that's drawing off of something or you have to say for instance take a 9-volt battery and make it work on a 1 volt circuit you'd want to leverage something that generates resistance which will also cover later to lower the voltage so you don't blow something up computer electronics are perfect instance of this if you open up your system and look at your motherboard it's got resistors all over it because some components are incredibly electrically sensitive which is why they tell you to ground yourself out before you touch anything because even the slightest shock from something as simple as static electricity can fry

your board permanently which are extremely expensive so getting into watts and really breaking this down you have a 16 you have 16 deca 1200 and deep-cycle batteries deep-cycle batteries are usually leveraged in systems like car stereos motor boats if you've got some kind of entertainment system on those their lead leveraged in marine batteries that's what they're also called leverage like I said a lot of times and ships their lover to anything that's mobile that's used to keep something on or active for a long period of time like food trucks they leverage deep cycle batteries and so you've got the deep cycle batteries to brand-new they were just given to you as a donation to your

hackerspace and if you want to run a rack of del or tensors with a thousand watt redundant power supplies how many servers can you run

that's 180 servers yeah but yeah so it's the answers 192 servers so what you do is you can't calculate out the wattage to get by getting amperage in the voltage so you multiply these together then you add it based on the number of battery 16 batteries times twelve thousand Watts for 100 MHz Watts and then the 1000 Watts for the servers for 192 servers I'm gonna push it yes 1080 amps its amps yep so that's the amount of amperage there overs so and so okay so these yes yes yes so amp amps is how much current it can generate a map here hours is how long it can generate that amperage of 1000 amps so the

capacity is measured in ampere hours and batteries especially deep-cycle batteries like these what is the capacity of do cycle well it depends on the battery so just because the battery PG rate 1000 amps doesn't mean that each battery is equal like a Duracell versus a cheap battery and I may have a milliamp hours of 78 correct correct correct and that's where the amp amp three hours would come into play because that would tell you how long it will last for other things that come into play is the pew cart law which we'll cover later but that directly impacts certain types of batteries substantially they actually lose a massive amount of capacity because of the amount of draw that they're faced

with the higher the draw the faster those batteries die and it does not go to a one to one ratio but yes we're gonna cover several topics like series in parallel and series and parallel together which is also very important especially if you're going to try to build something that lasts or runs for a long time so getting it to end here most people know it as an amp the technical term is ampere named after the guy who technically severed it it's a unit of electrical current people with a flow one column every second amperes commonly measured in amps and is called current so a lot of people switch around amps and current it's the exact same thing

currents measure than I I don't know why they keep making these things more complicated thing to be but yes so it's the technically a calculation of the electron flow an electrical conductor batteries and mobile forms leverage ampere-hours farads or milliampere hours mobile devices are going to most commonly measured in milliampere hours which is in capital a lowercase H and then ant hours for marine cycle batteries which will be capital a lowercase H her odds are for capacitors and the capacitance ratio which I didn't include in this because it would be going way way deeper than we need to if you're leveraging any kind of capacitor inside your building talk to me because you might get yourself killed

capacitors are incredibly dangerous so please don't play with those or buy those until you're a lot more comfortable with them because they will absolutely kill you I've had several friends get hurt really badly by capacitors and I've almost been killed twice so they're very dangerous so one in a peer of current representing kalam of electrical charge which is actually broken down into charge carries which is 6.2 4 times 10 to the 18th power moving past a very specific point at one second so if I run this code cross it and that right there is a wire it's measured at the point where my wallet is so the second it runs over my wallet and that

one second it counts in one second how many electrons it measures that's the calculated number of electrons and then electrons themselves carry a specific potential charge at one point six zero few e to the negative nineteen power columns of charge so this is the number of charge carriers electrons this is the charge of the electron itself those two confined together it tells you the energy available at that one moment and then one ampoule one for one second or a wire would use one Coloma so this is generally considered when you have a wire with the completed circuit point to where things move from relatively positive to relatively negative and that's how the circuit works and why it works why that is

that's incredibly high level physics stuff that's beyond me consult a local physicist or college if you want to know why I don't know why and I honestly never bothered to find out some things are just too complicated and go beyond a need for understanding but getting into that we're gonna jump in so you got 27 Swamy with 20 amp circuit and the circuit breaker is continually flipping if you're ever working in data centers this is a constant frustration or if you have your own private lab at the house and servers are calling you shut down expectedly and unintentionally which normally causes corruption issues and blows up your lab and runs your day and probably the weekend so the servers are

del R 6/10 which are a standard lab server that most people buy low-cost running a 750 watt power supplies running on 110 volt single-phase residential power because in the US it's residential single-phase and they're constantly running at 100% power look now that is generally not in the standard most servers run between 15 and 65 percent power load but we're gonna say a 100 percent power load to not make things more confusing or complicated for you so how many 20 amp circuits do you need and how many servers need to be on each circuit to allow for a 20 percent power search the reason why you allow for a 20% power surge is when your devices spin up on a regular circuit

they're gonna pull their full potential power for a brief moment and then spin down to their standard usage which is called average load and so that's why you could have a system with total calculated amps is like 70 amps on a 20 amp circuit and everything works just fine normally as long as you don't cut them all on at the exact same time which is why you were supposed to give each of them a few moments to spin back down so they stop hooking power but yeah

so how many started screaming I know yeah so we could put roughly two-point-three for 6:00 or two because you're not gonna have a fraction of a server unless you're running raspberry pies on the system and that's because of the the load acceptability and the amperage is available for circuit now the reason why you do this in a certain servers or certain systems that you build out especially something leveraging pixie booting if you blow away your servers say for instance you're running a diskless model and your systems die they all have to pixie boot back up if they're all in the same circuit when that circuit flips again they're gonna pull load again at the same time and that's gonna kill your

circuit again again and again now that's also assuming that you've got all the money and 100% ratio which is hopefully never the case because you're gonna kill them far quicker running electronics at 100% capacity or even above 80% it's gonna drastically degrade their lifespan in a very short period of time now this is going to be a brief covering of alternating current and direct current so alternating current reverses direction as many times a second which is frequency regular intervals typically used in power supplies all of your power supplies operate normally in a frequency of 50 to 60 Hertz which is roughly one every second know you'll also notice on there you see a plus or minus percentage

normally plus or minus five percent and that's because power isn't always stable it's never stable if you've got perfect power you've got power scrubbers on your system and it's running through a crazy lis expensive system to clean your power to make a completely stable pretty much the only place that's guaranteed to have that every time as a hospital everywhere else they're just like thought the UPS hope it doesn't blow anything up and then direct current which is what most people are used to using on a regular basis direct current flows in one direction only and it's almost always in batteries I've never seen anything else leveraging direct current other the battery usage unless they're doing something

incredibly weird there's no reason to convert AC to DC for something that's AA battery related which your car's they do use DC I guess multiple not for batteries so I don't think that counts yeah so ampere hours so this is the one that's very important so this is the one that you can check on your car battery and find out how long your car battery is supposed to last and as well as your mobile battery devices so say for instance you want to know does Duracell or or rayovac the better battery will flip it over and look at the ampere hours for the power provided and then you can calculate which one's actually better by calculating it to joules to

find out the overall power capacitance of the batteries side-by-side comparison but it's easier to use milliamp hours which is why most people recommend milliamp hours I recommend really amp hours but there are some cases where joules is useful so if you've got multiple batteries of different types of different voltages and you want to know well I've only got three different types of batteries to use and I need to get a certain amount of energy available I can leverage these three use a transformer to spin it up to one specific current and then the battery doesn't die really fast but I got to have the power for some reason that I can't explain but that's one instance where you use joules

instead but generally it's not calling well yeah so ampere-hours is leveraging an ant power so you multiply the amp by seconds 3600 seconds is one hour and that gives you your aunt hours so it's effectively just multiplying your amps times 3600 so it's pretty simple and it's like calculated to 3600 colognes but yeah so understanding amp hours so this one is actually gonna help people a lot so if you've ever got a battery and you're really frustrated that your laptop just dies all the time I had this problem for years with HP laptops where I've just die and die and die I could get like 30 minutes of uses for it just kills itself it's really

and so you've got a laptop it's drawing dip 500 milliamps while it lasts for a day where's the capacitance that you need for your battery and amp hours which is it's happening times 24 hours just 12 amp hours so that puts you well within the range of a car battery or a really nice lithium-ion battery depending so your average lithium-ion battery strip this long about that wide you're gonna get six to eight milliamp hours I'm sorry amp hours out of that and you could easily just push it to where it's running better so you could replace it upgrade it lithium polymer battery really depends um or you could just jerry-rigged your laptop cut out the

bottom a faceplate remould it on with some electrical modifications there with some putty and then ground it out and then kind of link McGyver on to batteries the same time put them in series in parallel and connect them together so yeah I would not recommend that it definitely void your warranty but it does work it does work so milliamp hours this is where you're really gonna see most of your stuff your cell phone your watches medical devices they go off of milliamp hours simply because it's mobile and messing around between going to and for they don't want you to mess with math and plus milliamp hours it looks bigger on the screen you got like 12 amp hours you just like

wouldn't like 4,600 sounds way better so so they're both usually described to describe capacitive battery and how long it will run before it needs recharging now what that's going to pull us into is what's called a charge cycle so this is what you're really gonna appreciate and understand why your devices keep dying so quickly it's actually because your charge cycles the way you treat your charge cycles it's actually killing your battery and depending on how well your laptop or whatever device it is was designed you might be killing a device a whole lot faster than it was meant to die so we'll cover that in a minute though but yeah so jumping into the milliamp

hours especially for drones you'll see Arduino I openly laugh at that because in the u.s. we all call it Arduino I don't I don't know why but yeah we just like family or extra ease in there so make on my friends so you've got six propellers in our Drina controller - raspberry PI's we reach with the draw 500 milliamps how many milliamp hours as a battery need to provide adequate power for the usage at a 100 cent load for one hour so you're right now at this point applying it to the application of I want to put a drone in the sky with six propellers with a remote controller and two raspberry PI's because I'm capturing

Wi-Fi off of this skyscraper I'm pen testing and I'm stealing your data by mining you floor by floor I've actually done this on a pen test it's really fun I'm definitely trying to something well you should try it legally sometime yeah so this is how you calculate it out you literally just add them all together so six one and two some nine four million powers of 4500 for the time of 3,600 seconds and it gives you 600 of sixteen point two milliamp seconds and then you split it by coulombs and you've got 4500 milliamp hours so this could actually go take one of those with just regular chargers for extra battery packs that you've got it like your average cell

phone store go in pop it open and you've got 4,500 million just so you guys know when you're going to go buy your batteries so for like 15 bucks you've got a local lithium battery that's like hardcore but yeah just don't stab the lithium battery we have the problem with that in the US it's actually morning labels for now so Jules's derives the ear beef for the national system of units joules is a correct measurement of energy it is not the ideal measurement of energy even though it is the standard measurement of energy but the issue with measuring everything in joules is is safe for instance you've got a 9 volt battery and he's got a double-a battery and your

battery is just crap and his batteries just awesome and you've got the same modules well the problem is is I don't know the difference in joules but I know that I need a 9-volt battery but if all they are telling me is joules and joules I don't know which battery I need so I either buy the wrong battery or I just have to guess right so that's the reason why you want to use milliamp hours and you want to always divulge the proper information which marketing companies are infamous for they want to use joules because it's just a stupid long number it's almost always in the millions and it looks great on paper but it always

upset your customers so if you're a hardware vendor never put anything in joules always milliamp hour half hours but yeah so it's equal to the energy transport or more work done so it's the conducting of work on an object or the force of one Newton in a direction of motion through the distance of one meter so that's a Newton meter or nxm so it's I use an X in instead of n dot n because it's Windows and it doesn't have all the units it should for some odd reason to include the only symbol which was really weird and it's also the energy dissipated as heat with an electronic current of one ampere passes and the resistance is 1 ohm for

one second now one of the things that you're gonna have to keep in mind electronics get hot and when things get hot things cook lithium cooks and when it cooks explodes so drones blowing up in midair not cool man not cool hacker space meetups I don't do drone builds anymore because I've had too many pieces of plastic laying down on me like I like the song Rain Man but I mean come on so alright so understanding joules so a battery vendor let's the marking team decide what format to display the battery capacity and because joules is a larger number they said use joules this is a very common problem you will see this so you're looking for a new battery for

your mad scientist project and you think you like this battery because it looks cool batteries that use joules almost always look amazing it's the telltale sign that they suck I promise so you're looking at this new battery let's keep on it because it looks cool and he got another battery same prize for 45,000 milliamp hours better you so you want my battery based on the calculations so this is why again looking at joules is a nightmare this is the process you have to go through just to translate it back to the milling half hours so you've got like six calculations right there to do which is why it's really frustrating and when you're going through eBay for instance

you're looking at five batteries at a time this is the math you have to do to get each batteries mAh to get them all to the same standard so you know which battery you want to buy which is why it's really annoying and when you're buying your batteries you want to do a price per performance so PPO of cost two milliamp hours and so the one with the higher numbers the only want to buy pretty much the only reason to use joules is for instance if you've got multiple sources of power so you've got a you've got multiple redundant battery systems with one system using auxilary power with the power transfer unit so all the power is pouring into one

location you've got multiple types of batteries for each one of those they've got dedicated power you're supposed to use for that purpose but say for instance your primary power dies and the system's got a built-in safety mechanism that automatically translates that to where all your power is transferring away from all your accessories directly into where your main power would feed into so that X safety something can happen because that's always the reason why it's a safety feature for some reason everybody's all about safety yes so 9 volts oh my bad I was supposed to say this was a 9 volts sorry that's on me because sometimes the battery producers they do the same thing they say yeah yeah this is the suit I

was talking about how to missing information I messed up and left something out exactly and you need to know how many volts because you're missed if you're missing more than one component for the calculations you won't be able to complete the math which is why you have to have all the information which is here perfect reason why well how do you got in mind boss 1 it's a great question because I knew what I was looking for and I forgot to say but yes so this is how you would complete the math yeah this is based on 9-volt battery this is what I was looking at when I was doing this calculation on comparing rave acts with Duracell 9

volts but yes so this is what you'll be looking at and yeah it comes down to forty six hundred million F hours which you're gonna see this number a lot and that ballpark forty five hundred is a really common place to be if you start seeing something above that let me know and that's a nice better especially it's cheap so this is what we're getting a net charge cycles so a charge cycles really simple it's just the concept of you're using a device you've got this device you get it for the very first time no one's ever touched it never use it never even turned it on which is never the case the fact your turns it on

at least wants to test it so you've got this device in and you're using it and you're using it and using it and you start to notice it's not lasting as long it's low you have like yeah I can listen my music for like four hours then like next month it's like I can get like three and a half and then three and then like eight months later you're buying a new cell phone because it's dying every like 35 minutes well that's because of the charge cycle and the expected life expectancy of the device batteries are listed by charge cycles after rechargeable and they have an expected amount of charge cycles that they're expected to survive on now good

engineers and great engineers can be picked out simply by one practice which is I calculate the amount of power minimally needed in order for the device to perform and then I add an additional 20% to that and what that allows me to do as an engineer is take it drastically extend the lifespan of the battery not just by 20% but by an additional sum because when you deplete a battery fully you're actually damaged the battery so you should never run your devices all the way down to zero that's a really great way to kill it I don't like to have this thing about cell reset that's complete crap lithium doesn't just randomly forget that it's a lithium battery it's a

lithium battery and it will always recharge back to what it's expected capacitances yeah yeah once it's not gonna hurt it but if you're like constantly just like I'm gonna listen to my cell phone book until it just dies because I have nothing else to do on the train and just keep killing it and killing it and killing it you're you're actually killing it and you're going to have to buy a new phone or a new battery which these days they're almost the same price um at least for mine I have a tactical phone so oh yeah so this is going any what I just iterate on so this is the simplest way to calculate that for your

devices especially with drones because you're gonna run them for as long as possible to get those great shots to get those great views you really want to take this into consideration yes you will spend a little bit more but I promise you the first time you have to replace that battery pack you're gonna regret not doing this because the cost of replacing the battery cell entirely as compared to just buying a slightly better one is just too much money I made the big mistake and had to replace like 50 it was not a happy day so you've got your system here you're running it detective yeah yeah okay so this is taking that same calculation that we just did and

that's including the proper engineering into it so the battery capacitance that we need is 5400 so obviously 4500 a normal one so that's exceeded by 5400 so now we need two batteries which leads us into series in parallel which we'll cover in a moment and that's why series in parallel are important and understanding the difference is also important because one adds more time one adds more voltage and as I said before adding too much voltage to blow stuff up so using the the right way very important it's also life you see a lot of child's toys that will use multiple doublea's instead of a 9-volt battery so yeah but yeah so rate of discharge is a term for the rate of

load also known as draw so people will interchange those load or draw it's pretty much the exact same thing and it's places upon a source of energy whether it's an AC or a power supply or a DC so it's literally just what am i pulling power from I'm putting my draw on that it's the same reason why if you watch a Stirling engine on a desk spins really crazy fast like 15,000 rpms until you add literally any draw to it whatsoever like a one-pot of 1 watt LED and it just slows to a crawl and that's because the draw so the rate of discharge is impacted by a variety of factors to include number advices

sources power the pier card effect and ambient operating temperature this is something so many novice engineers forget is the ambient operating temperature so ambient operating temperature will drastically impact a variety of things how long your electronics actually survive for because heat damages your device over time and it degrades it and as you degrade it you're going to rate it so much before it just kills something it impacts your battery life so if you're talking on your phone and you fill your phone getting really hot hang up the phone because you're killing the battery it's dying so it's very bad because you're adding more heat and you can literally have it blow up in your hand that

actually happened to the note which note was that several yeah let's have you the several devices lately just because of bad thermal dynamics of the device because they want to go family ok the pew curtain effect we're going to cover that in a moment but effectively what this is is different batteries have different levels of a draw load that they can handle and it's like it's like giving a five-year-old 500 pounds to carry and giving an adult 500 pounds to carry they can both carry it the same but you're going to crush the child in the process and so same process and same concept is if if you're a bodybuilder I do fifty pounds and you hand me fifty pounds I'm just

gonna put it down because you're crazy the bodybuilder will laughs start juggling his and mine he just doesn't care and that's pretty much the employment factor but in terms it's a drastic decrease of some batteries chemical production of ampere-hours if they are rapidly discharged so say for instance you give me the 50-pound weight and you make me carry it by some act of God or miracle or bribery with food or beer if I'm carrying this thing it's incredibly heavy to me so I'm gonna get tired out very very quickly I'm not gonna perform normally whereas in this guy he's just jacked so he's gonna be like whatever is like walking away with it like he doesn't

care now what that does to a battery is certain batteries have a very substantial impact to some batteries have a very minimal impact to you the batteries that we currently use today are the ones that have the minimal impact and that's why a lot of people got away from these times batteries the alkaline the carbon sinks the zinc air the lead acid and it's just because our devices are drawing more and more power on a more and more regular rate ever-increasing everyday with more updates more software more applications it's pulling more and more and more from the device and the issue is the batteries chemistry can't handle it it's forcing it to react too often and it's

just wiping it out to like a 50 to 70 percent decrease in performance we're talking like a landslide walked in fired half the IT staff just bottomed out like this bad day now that the performance is technically noticeable and these types of batteries but it's not relevant you're talking like a couple of points it just yeah doesn't matter especially if you engineered things properly which is why again that 20% is so relevant and important now we're gonna get it a series in parallel of understanding these because it's very important so this is negative positive to negative to positive negative positive negative positive someone rub it's a straight shot of series with three point six volts at 3400

millions and what this does is it's in a series you add the voltage together so you're increasing the voltage which every additional item you add so every additional cell adds more voltage and yes you can put in better batteries and worse batteries I could swap out this three point six with a 9-volt however that causes a substantial amount of issues for these batteries because they don't operate on the same level the same can be said if you have a bad battery that's why they tell you don't mix batteries because if these are like a day or a day or a year old a day old this battery gives first realistically what is up happening is the draw on

these other batteries is increased to counter compensate because this battery isn't performing optimally and weapons up happening as you kill these three batteries faster because of that which is why they tell you don't mix the batteries also because you know the lead acid all over your mmm everything yeah I've lost quite a few final because of that and it's the same milliamp hours doesn't impact your milliamp hours that's serious now you've got ten 9-volt batteries in a series 40 milliamp 40,000 amp hours and 20 milliamp oh sorry milliamp some 20 milliamp hours how many volts do you have at 7:00 it's nine times ten night yeah so it's straightforward now getting into parallel parallel is totally different

this is all negative at the bottom that's all positive at the top with one connection for positive one connection for negative and that's how you interface with that battery cell which this is a battery cell battery cell battery cell about yourself but engineers typically just say the battery cell and that's because you know if I said battery cell a3f you know we get really annoying especially if you've got 200 batteries in something and parallel it's the opposite instead of adding the bolts together you have the milliamp hours together and then you've got three point six volts again same issue you use a defective battery it's gonna damage your batteries and kill them faster now what gets really fun is when you start

to play these together so you don't want to trip with a local security event a 15-ounce rain you're traveling with one guy for your local hackerspace doesn't like cats video games or kitters who likes this guy how many batteries you need to bring with you to power your gameboy color for the whole trip with your headphones on the music with a hundred percent volume up so you don't have to listen to them to drown others complaints about how hard is the insult printer you know that guy come on come on hopefully he knows I'll talk about it it's my damn theirs so once you're on the train will not be able to change batteries because will start complaining

about personal space and you're going to tirade about contact so what's the draw this is something you always got to figure out you always even know what your draw is for your devices in a milliamp hour basis and that's because you want an easy translation between what the draw is and what's your available power sources because trying to do this like this jointing calculation like this will drive you insane so don't try that it drives me insane I'll do it anymore there's a bad decision you're trying to fix so standard double-a batteries are rated between 1700 and 2800 which is a difference in quality which is why quality is very important when you start looking at the factor buying four to

twenty four batteries because the cost per battery if they're the same you're getting ripped off substantially because that's fifty percent difference right there that's why understanding what those batteries are what they are performing at is very relevant which is why some of those batteries have that giant sticker that says last 50 percent longer they're literally talking about these guys it's like a direct shot at their competitor and you suck yeah that's what that sticker is so most of those batteries are rated for two point eight hours of play per battery most devices use two to four batteries the old who ever had an old-school Game Boy I'm talking like the death brick that was like like this I was like a long and

the case was like a lunch box it was like a like two pounds by nobody No okay the Russian version okay yeah he was like a death brick if you'd like throw it and just plain smite somebody from existence great just huge for some reason it was also a slightly better performing device I still hadn't think that oh yeah what say yeah and it was just better um I actually pulled up the specs when I was looking at this to use accurate data from an endo which turns out they started publishing and all the way up until the gameboy color then it just magically stopped for the Gameboy I'm guessing they had a huge performance

drop which is why they stopped but anyway so you do the calculations on this by getting the range so understanding the range of performance unless you absolutely know what the battery is plus its tolerance for variance so even if you've got a rare vac battery and you've got another rayovac battery decided they are not the same they do not have the same milliamp hours I don't care what the vendor says the they never have the same performance always test your batteries to verify because they never have the same performance so you get these you calculate the range you've got a range of 850 - the 0.5 and that's because of your loss to peer cart effect then you

calculate these out based on the draw which is your draw from your device the load range of your device itself now we calculated based off of 100% draw so we can just drown them out on the music but that's not necessarily mean the components are pulling at 100% so you got a 70 to 80 which puts you at about 1200 to sell the 1050 in each for batteries if they're good batteries assuming they're good batteries so this is how you calculate your batteries now like I said again be careful when installing series in parallel because if you get them wrong you're going to fry and die something I promise you raspberry PI's keychains key fobs these

sometimes take into account you discharged battery and hit it hard and it works we do that I don't know if you don't like me that's a Russian thing time now I've never kinetic energy makes I guess it just loosened up some excess acids that were in the battery yeah what that might be is is that it's a chemical based battery so what might be happening is that there's undisciplined on reacted components inside the battery when you strike it it loosens it up and that it causes a chemical reaction reactivate effectively recharging the recharging the batteries don't ever recharge non-article batteries by the way they won't explode they will look to look like hardcore I had to try it at least

once they most certainly explode you wanna be and normally in like four days it takes a long time yeah yeah I let it plug no no it doesn't it doesn't actually recharge that's the issue like they just get really really hot and eventually cook off and explode so yeah or they just melt all over everything so I mean if you really don't like a Cobra it's just like cook a bunch of batteries up and just like start throwing them I mean the kinetic strike might detonate one I mean there's no much you like it it's like appears what so this is actually an event that we had a lot of fun with and it actually works

so you're at a hackerspace weed up with friends and you want to have a land party with your friends but you're an outlet short this happens all the time please bring a power strip like I can't assign that enough bring a power strip so you've got 16 deca Club all thousand at deep-cycle batteries available and extra female female power cables that were donating you to the hacker space recently that batteries brand-new so we're assuming completely brand-new batteries in order to make the power available to the three other members everyone agrees to limit power usage it's a thousand watts per device uses 350 watts baseline so your motherboard basic NIC hard drive without a graphic card and each graphic target

is turning 80 watts each you've got three graphics cards and SLI because you want to win and you can't play who came to party how many cards you need to remove in order to play how many values in each person need so let's walk through this yeah I answer this time ah god yes yeah so how do we solve this any ideas we're a hackerspace we got to solve it come on home plate we're stuck any question one more email to female and look the man's away so a female of female you have to cut one of the ends off so you're going to cut one of the ends off that connected to the batteries

the other end has to connect to your power supply on your computer which is a male end yeah so you want the female on the male so you can connect it to the female end so on the cable so you can run it directly on your battery array which is totally awesome just make sure that it's the proper gauge yeah it's that thin don't do it it don't work well that's designed for like low-end servers like it's a percent capacities like you're really cheapo one use you want to be about that thick which is your actual power supply cables so what how I saw this

Oh

so we got to cut one of the at least one of the cards out all right how many cards we cut out I mean you don't know a lot of these you're allowed to use do

well thousand was you have twelve thousand Watts correct per battery divided by three people thank you there you go four thousand watts for one person and that would give 1000 with four device plus three plus three thousand words for bracket cards so everyone can have three thousand Watts already cards together three thousand watts of the Dragon was a graphics card yeah three thousand divided by two hundred eighty which gives us about ten graphic cards in each in each device so every every person can have ten cards I know well actually there is a new device you can not only feel solve this or not but it was like an asus port that has like 52 slots for graphics cards the

Bitcoin mining ring don't get excited I promise it's not that great so alright let's look at this a different way how do we break this down do we run this in series in parallel series parallel how we gonna run the batteries depends on what a power supply except sin dependence on 12 volts so we got a 12 volt power supply we got 12 volt battery got a thousand amps what are we not looking at it's not in here but we got to consider it we have already gots the information how many walls can connect to each device how many volts can we connect to before we blow our computer up very important question how many

thinks we can put one battery two batteries three batteries

we don't have cables we have tables we've got the female females and we got the cables detective - and what is the voltage for these device for each device 110 220 yeah we'll say we'll say 110 so 16 batteries if we do it in order and subsequent will give us 192 walls so I guess we will not computers it would it would block through system yeah you have to lower the amperage now here's something really cool about devices so a lot of the devices that we have like our iPhones are androids especially the Samsung devices are designed to perform in the 110 to 240 volts range because they're designed to work in both the US

and Europe who have totally different power standards so when you look at your walls and you've got those little really annoying really weird connectors it says 250 volts in the back at 10 slash 16 amps so that's a conversion between 110 and their to 40 range so 220 to 250 so just so you know ahead of time so let's go ahead and check this out

huh yeah so stick batteries yeah it's three batteries now you want to run those in like you said series that gives you the lifespan of the battery base which is amperes which we already had which was 20 hours so each person gets three batteries up to four to the extended if you do it in series and you've got up to 24 hours to play on and that's because of the draw because the calculation you have to consider is also the decrease based on the high amount of pull on the device which computers are power-hungry monsters they just just your electric bill just goes sky-high I can't even imagine what about

so horse power now we're into motors so this is where it starts to get important to us if we're going to build something that can move because you got to have some kind of a motor now the horse power is broken into like I said the ability to move stuff it's broken into what's called foot-pounds so one horse power is the ability to raise 330 pounds of coal 100 feet in one minute 33 feet sorry 33 pounds in a thousand feet in one minute or any other combination of feet you pounds long as equals 33,000 so this is the magic number it's 33,000 no matter what combination I do the math has to come out to 33,000 and one minute so

it's the ability to measure the ability to move weight over distance in the specific period of time which is calculated in 60 seconds now base horsepower or bhp is horsepower per ton not to be mistaken with ton US ton but the metric ton which is an effective difference in weight 2204 point sixty three and two thousand pounds which doesn't sound like a lot until you start looking at something like I don't know a bulldozer then you know two three four thousand horsepower motor you're missing a lot of extra weight and extra performance that you could have otherwise gotten now this is breaking it down a horse one horsepower is equal to a 746 watts or 550

foot-pounds of second which this is the normal metric that most mechanic shops like to use if they're getting into the engineering portion which is foot-pounds per second these are all the apply usages of the formulas depending again on purpose you could have a lot of different utilizations if you're looking for a generator for instance for your house to keep everything running you want to use the watt based application if you want to drive your car you want the wors pair application because you want to move stuff you don't just want power you want raw power for moving objects and not for generating energy thrust is where things get really complicated there is a large number of

things that impact thrust air pressure temperature and be an operating temperature pitch of the blades whether you're using a propeller based system whether you're using or some kind of propulsion basis and where this ion of propulsion or rocket based fuels or some kind of oxidizer like NASA likes to use it all really depends and different applications have different generations of force measured in Newtons lbf so we'll get into that a minute so its measured in pounds thrust in the US and Newton's literally everywhere else we're just the ugly duckling in all things including measurements for the metric system and four point four five Newton's is equal to one pound thrust so the pound of thrust is how much it takes to

keep one one-pound object so one one-pound object unmoving against the force of gravity and this translates to the four point four five or the one for keeping that one pound against that gravity for one second now the acceleration is very important acceleration is very important because Earth's acceleration is not the same as the moon or space or if you're in some kind of weird magnetic field it impacts gravity which drastically alters how much force you need the reason why this is important is say for instance you're trying to build the Mars rover what you don't want to do is calculate a base on Earth's gravity and you just launch some $15,000,000 device into oblivion because you gave

way too much kick it's kind of like letting me have the salsa I'm just gonna drown it so that translates to sorry feet per second per second this looks like a typo it's not it's really confusing so this is 32 feet per second it's moving 32 feet in one second per second so every second it's moving 32 feet per second or 21 miles per hour per second so that's why I put that one in there it's a lot easier to understand and the per second per second thing confuses a lot of people so the idea of applied for us is you throw a one baseball per second away from you at 21 miles per hour

your baseball generate the equivalent of one pound of thrust and you'd also have one really short NBL career because that's terrible the average pitcher generates between 91 and 100-plus miles an hour throw so the amount of force they generate is actually the reason why they're so dangerous they can actually kill you so it's pretty cool so as I said before there's a lot of things I can impact thrust power to weight ratio is what's gonna be most important to you guys and the Newtons lbf so when you're looking at an engine a thing a lot of people don't realize is engines are heavy engines are what make you move but the weight of the engine also comes at a

cost because the power-to-weight ratio sure it went from zero to whatever but you also added six hundred eight hundred twelve hundred two thousand pounds for this motor it's the reason why when you look at places like NASCAR they ripped out the current motor as great as it might be and we're placed it with a titanium motor that's exactly the same because the motors got a higher level of durability can handle a lot more heat and waste substantially less which drastically shift the power-to-weight ratio which is why their cars are just unbelievably fast now if you really want to have a field day take out the NASCAR motor and put it on a lawnmower you're really gonna have a

good time if you don't you know die when you're moving nine hundred miles an hour which is what those drag cars effectively are it's pretty much Polycarbon or some kind of is what's carbon literally sitting on like this tiny more effectively go-cart frame and it's got a jet engine attached to it and they just go thousand miles an hour for like two seconds now other major considerations air pressure temperature drag and gravitational forces anyone tell me why air pressure is important because the if you go over some limits the air pressure is Q the air is three correct so when you're starting looking at something like a helicopter the reason why helicopters can't go above

certain heights is the air pressure changes too much to the point to where they can no longer generate adequate lift and they can literally hit a point where they just simply can't go any higher because their engines are designed from maximum power to weight ratio and it generates excess thrust which decreases in terms of excess thrust as they go higher and higher higher to the equivalence where they eventually reach a one to one ratio which means they're no longer gaining height they're literally just maintaining that location

it's not to just power its air its air density because the air gets thinner and thinner the higher you go it also gets colder which does help some but the offset between that and the pressures is just non-comparable but the other issue with that and the reason why helicopter pilots have to be careful is if they go too high and they clear that threshold and they're up at the absolute one-to-one ratio and the wind blows it changes the air pressure and all of a sudden where you're at a one-to-one you may go up or you may go drastically down and the issue is is if you're a you know six ton object and all of a sudden you were just dropped 12

feet well you're not exactly gonna recover as quickly and if you're near a mountain for instance which is where this normally happens so if you're going and you're trying to climb Mount st. Helen and you go above a certain level they cannot come save you and that's why the Sherpas are so important and that's what they do is the Sherpas would go up beyond the points to where the helicopters can and they'll carry you down to an evac point which is a safe distance for the helicopters to fly in and they can't fly above that fire regulations because otherwise it'll kill the helicopter he's making crash and now you gotta go save two teams so when

you're looking at aircraft excess thrust is the primary force because you want to worry about air pressure if your rocket engine you just have to worry about how much sheer raw power can I generate and just launch myself into oblivion at an astronomical level of speed now the issue is is fuel consumption the faster you go the more fuel you need that's why rocket ships for instance from NASA consume millions of gallons of fuel to give one aircraft in space and that's because their power-to-weight ratio they have astronomical amounts of power but the thing weighs you know 65,000 pounds by itself for just a cargo bay item and then you start looking at the actual craft weight the container waits

for the few that fuel itself weighs weight which is other things you have to consider is what is the weight of the fuel I'm going to put in the craft to fly it which is something a lot of gas-powered RC builders forget to consider is that fuel actually carries weight and when you put something that's about 810 pounds per gallon with the ten gallon tank you just added 80 more pounds which could pretty much make your craft a 1 to 1 ratio or even less and it can't even lift off which is generally what happens and they end up doing half tanks and they end up losing races all the time so oh for maritime craft so you're looking at

stuff like ships like aircraft carriers your average boat in your backyard they're mostly leveraging piston so they're using combustion base and power to propellers is where the the primary indicator will come from that is just like with cars whether they call it wheel based horsepower it's not how much power your engine can generate but how much power I can get to the wheels propellers are the same for boats how much power sheer raw horsepower can I get into the propeller itself to propel me forward now this is getting to ohms which is the SI unit for resistance owns are cited a lot for a godly basis for normally the pure base so its power current voltage ohms ohms the most

you'll probably need to know about ohms is calculating the capacitance and calculating the resistance so that you can actually do that and I actually include this really nice chart to help me do that so the last band is always the multiplier a lot of people get confused because there's four band 5 & 6 band I've seen 15 band resistors you're looking at things that are new medical devices to wear if it's even a micron of a voltage off someone's going to die and that's because you've electric key to their heart you destabilized it and to paceman and they're just dead because any arrhythmia whatsoever could kill them so the first digit and the second digit

and the third digit if it's a four or five the fourth they're all multiplied together so you multiply these and then you district numbers multiply it calculate your tolerance and your temperature coefficient now if you notice here it's in ppm but parts per million so that's also leveraged and water I've never really had to worry about temperature coefficients and resistors mostly because I take a lot of care to insure my electronics run at a cool ambient temperature and I use proper cooling so I've never had resistors cook off but the reason why this is relevant the difference coefficient and you can actually overheat your resistors and blow them and if you blow the resistor you blow

the circuit and the issue with that is is if you blow the circuit if you've damaged the circuit connectors you have to resolder that or even most motherboard instances if you don't have proper cooling the computers because of this the resistor explodes it up because of overheating and your computer's is dead because the vendors not going to go out of the way to resolder a resistor on they just don't get that because they don't care now again the other thing you have to keep in mind is is plus or minus 5% or plus or minus 1% and certain instances of assets you want an incredibly low tolerance you don't want any fluctuation whatsoever so high-end

electronics you're gonna see a violent band so if you see blue blue purple or green you have an incredibly sophisticated extremely intolerant device these are devices you absolutely do not want to mess up on your voltage because they are doing a lot of care to ensure there is no fluctuation whatsoever your computer components normally have these for high-end gaming boards and that's to control to great detail the amount of power the board it's getting at any given time air traffic controlling devices normally will use a higher end resistor and that's to control the devices ability to receive powers and power so your wireless controllers for your RC cars or drones for instance they're gonna review

the higher end resistors so you start looking at silver and gold ones it's a device it's like yeah I don't care this give me power don't kill me shows how much deviation is honestly I don't know I can't tell you that I mean types of resistors it's very because the temperature goes up in the deviation of the resistance goes up like I said I couldn't tell you I've never had an issue where I had to worry about it but that's because again I worry a lot about ambient temperature so like for me for instance if I have any concerns for cooling I will use a liquid cooling device and so it just it fixes all of my

problems I don't really have that issue if I have for instance I'm working with a rocket based item like a rocket engine I'm building into some kind of model I'll put vacuums inside it with the liquid nitrogen cooler so I'm gonna drop the temperature to an extreme low and it's not going to matter anyways uh-oh negative pressure if you're gonna put something that sucks in a lot of air like a rocket and to like you know a car I would HIGHLY advise that you cut slits on the sides for vacuums because you will shatter your windows and it's pretty awesome so just keep it in mind this is pretty great YouTube videos of people forgetting that now getting your

cabling this is where most fires happen is the cabling so cabling gets incredibly hot incredibly quickly if you use the wrong gauge so it's very very important that you understand what kind of gauges you're using so most of these you guys are probably never gonna see except in your houses so your 20:18 30s these are the lowered gauge you've got 16 18 24 gauge 24 to 18 is realistically what you're gonna work with on a regular basis if you're working with incredibly small electronics you might go into 26 or 28 but for larger places like commercial buildings they're using these AC units fridge washing machine it really depends but again it's incredibly important because if these cables overheat which

they will it will start a fire because what will end up happening is it will melt off your shielding as you see here and then it will keep getting hot and any material that it makes contact with like the wood and your walls or your drywall it'll eventually ignite it and a lot of house fires are caused by that now this here is a multimeter and you use multimeters to test AC and DC power so you're gonna have to get one of these if you're gonna actually build something they're incredibly cheap like three US and that's in the US I doubt that they're more like a dollar here because you're close to China where they all

come from so yeah multimeters in the US are so expensive for literally no reason so these are going into the charts like I said I've included a lot of these to help with the math because there's just an astronomical amount of math that's what most of it is is figuring out the Watts that you're gonna need the weight power to weight ratios what kind of motor you're gonna have to have calculating based on what the amount of force that it can generate what you can't calculate until you've built everything else out and then you have to figure out well what kind of thrust do I need kind of force do I need to generate spell or rock well how much weight do I

have to play with I've got more way to play with I use rockets because it's cool and goes fast or a lot a lot the way to play with I'll use a propeller and I'll never clear Mach 1 which makes me really sad because I don't know if you've ever seen this but drones with a rocket engine go like 400 plus miles now it's just yeah talk about just terrifying your neighbors man well yeah so this is going into all the metric units and like you said I'm gonna give you guys a copy these slides this chart is the very useful chart to figure out if you see something weird like voltmeter or Tesla I've never seen on

this except for the second per meter now this is the only formula it's actually useful off this entire chart but this formula is so awesome that I included the entire chart so this is actually giving you the electrical motor formulas for the efficiency so efficiency is incredibly important because the amount of power that you're cranking into it versus what you're getting out of it that's very important to almost everything you're going to use it for weathers RC car or a drone or an RC submarine you can build a lot of really cool stuff by the way this is incredibly important because the more energy you waste trying to get power to a device like a propeller or another prepper

Bella like a spinning propeller for a lift or a propeller for a craft or wheelbase the more power you waste the more energy you waste and a less efficient motor is which is why you can get an extremely high efficiency electric motor which is the ideal one to get if you have issues with like energy capacitance for instance so just the rule of thumb most gas power motors are sixty percent efficient most electrical motors are 95% efficient so it is a substantial difference in performance efficiencies the catch-22 is gas is extremely readily available good luck finding a Tesla charger so now this is going to break into practical projects of things you can build with the

knowledge that's inside this slide ship you build drones remote control devices IOT devices you can build forges smelters reactors colliders similar lines production lines you can build a starship and Moe commander these are actually my current projects which are totally badass like hardcore definitely the hardest projects I've ever worked on which is why like I said unless you're using auxilary source power that's why because you know I'm a huge Trekkie and I was like auxilary power for life support so dying space yeah yeah that's a thing because I'm actually trying to get into space or at least close enough to where oxygen is in the air anymore really so you know air stops working I

kind of died there and it's just gonna run for a few hours and then that news but yeah you can put a lot of really cool stuff my favorite one though is the smelter and the reactor because you can build a nuclear reactor with just this information I've given you and a vacuum space and the right components to create the vacuum tube plus months of tungsten rings absolutely nuclear reactor totally cool salt water electrolysis to strip it out to the deuterium and ejected at Arianny on you've literally got a functional reactor 150 oh sorry Kelvin yeah Forge if you've got like a lot of aluminum cans laying around chop them all up I found that the

easiest ways to get a grinder and literally just take a candy crush it by stomping on it and then you pull it back apart and that weakens it you throw it in it just grinds it for pieces then you take those pieces throw it into just like a generic Forge even melt it down turns into liquid form cord and get form to store it for a long time and you can literally just melt it down at any time and just pour it in the plating for instance creating negatives with clay incredibly easy especially if artistic friends yeah they can make you a lot of really cool negatives and you can make plating for your aircraft or you can

make side body parts and the best part is is you just keep the blowtorch quick and it'll fuse together and you can literally make entire RC bodies like hardcore it's really cool you can have a lot of fun with it so a couple of weeks this is the immediate fun times where I just get totally obsessed you will get so obsessed have to finish the project because it's like it looks amazing I've just got to get the battery right and you just end up turning into this monster like it's just you smell bad and you look like you've just been put through like a meat grinder it's just terrible like hardcore take a break take a

breather I found it the best thing to do is if it's just not working right just step away for a little while and when you're doing pretty much anything else especially trying to sleep you realize the problem is and now you gotta go get up and go fix it the other thing is financial costs you're gonna build something simple you're gonna love it it's gonna be awesome then you're gonna want to build something even cooler then you're gonna build a forge then you're gonna build a smelter then you're gonna build some kind of crazy assembly system for grinding up which ships to generate power from a gasifier you're playing with trans esterification of power lysis

then all of a sudden you've got a manufacturing facility near backyard where you're making your own custom jet fuel and your neighbors pissed because you're making jet fuel any better but yeah really cool you're gonna get sucked in stainless steel is extremely expensive in the u.s. it's probably they're cheap here I've literally seen issues where I found like shippers and grinders and pellet Millers here for like 50 50 us and the shipping was like fifteen hundred of us to get it sent to me so you guys are really lucky in that regard because pretty much anything manufacturing related is made in China or Korea one of my favorite kodos and favorite sayings just because you can

does not mean you should this is an actual photo from you yes if a Cobra where this woman kisses the Cobra why I don't know I've done a lot of things where my friends are just like dude what are you doing like the nuclear reactor might occur and they're just like you serious I'm like yeah check it out it's radioactive like I'm melting palladium and at Miam so I can make my own batteries and he's like dude you're insane I'm like yes a radioactive battery but it's still yeah kiss the cover yeah don't do that I mean if you if you've gotta look back and say dude this is awesome do this and your friends like you that's

insane you might want to reconsider your next couple of bills because you're gonna use that bill for something else just like I did yeah kids friends yeah I like this guy we're gonna be friends absolutely so that's about it now how much time 20 minutes Oh toll Oh so I've got 40 minutes okay good all right so I have what hopefully the workshop yes okay all right well do questions okay we'll do questions and if you guys want to build something I've got everything go for it oh when you put the wires yeah 15 years and this is the common practice to put some substance as a hip disorder because the wires inside the wall they

give heat so if it is empty space inside or maybe generally you know and the reason why I say that is is again for instance if you're gonna use 20 amps you got a 20 amp circuit you don't want to use a 20 amp circuit with a 20 amp wire you want to use a slightly higher gauge and that way you can't overheat the wire you can even load and again it comes back to good engineering practices will you spend a little bit more money absolutely but at the same time if you want to upgrade for instance from a 20 amp to a 30 amps like you're running 13 30 amp like it DC does for data centers you can just go

in and simply switch out to 2230 with no concern about overheating the wall because even if you could run at 30 which you probably won't you can still upgrade to it with no concern whereas in if you went from a 20 to 30 you'd have to rerun the entire wire and so that means the rip off the drywall pull everything out unpack your heat resistance material pull everything out insulation out which is a nightmare it itches like crazy run it all out running all back in you have to pay a master electrician in the u.s. to come and plug it in even though you can run the entire thing yourself because you're not a master electrician so yeah it's

generally a nightmare but yeah the other piece is is if you're running a full load on a full 20 amp on a 20 amp you shouldn't put in a 20 amp we should have put it in a 2 at 40 and that way you're not running a max load because again it's never safe to run anything above an 80% threshold which is why that 20% is always there and that's for safety reasons or surges so say for instance you've got seven servers plugged in and all of a sudden you just reboot them all of a sudden because you ran the command by accident well if they all spin back up and there's not the extra bandwidth

it's just gonna kick the breaker and you're just you're in for a bad day and manual power cycling which it's great occur in your office bedroom it's not so great if you're 500 miles away so hopefully you got smart hands that's 150 US an hour

yes well that's why you would go and add a second battery see these are parallel based on what you need for you it would be parallel so you have the actual battery life now well lithium-ion batteries don't weigh that much so the first concern be if you've got the extra battery and it's weighing it down to the point where performance is dropping substantially you might want to reconsider either your power-to-weight ratio or something else

oh it's like me fully charged and completely empty either way no no no there's no measurable difference in not unless it's a chemical battery in which there would be a barely noticeable difference but yeah like a regular TMI on your difference yeah yeah and that's generally one of the issues but at the same time because it's a smaller device it has less power drawn for instance I've got two laptops here they're both XPS s series the one's got a 45 watt and one's got 120 watt but that's because of the power difference both in draw and in charge rate so this laptop can literally run for days that one can run for about a day but that's what it's designed for

this is going to be extremely lightweight whereas in this one designed to be a workhorse oh god yeah definitely reactive yeah yeah that was just like so I'm working on a project called a power cord and the idea is is to to completely eliminate the use of fuel base rocket systems so that I can launch something with something that is designed to be more than just a one-shot wonder which is what rocket ships are is they're awesome don't get me wrong but things NASA build is just mine shattering these things are entering or exiting atmosphere thousands of theories it's just inside these things are amazing pieces of engineering but the issue is is the cost so to put a rocket in space

it costs 4 million in fuel just in fuel to put into space Power Core eliminates that cost entirely and it drastically increases the power-to-weight ratio because my current power of Horrell a is less than 2 the average rocket for one rocket weighs roughly if I'm not mistaken like eight no it's like I think like eighty thousand pounds so the power-to-weight ratio times two plus the other containers and the other rocket fuel is just insane amount of extra weight and so generating the extra power as what's allowing me to do that while also reducing the weight and extra capacities so that's why I'm really interested in the project because if it actually works and I get all the components that I need

and I can finally get permits which is why I'm looking to leave the u.s. come here cuz Ukrainian it's like hey you want to try something yeah so the Ukraine is amazing by the way this country is just outstanding when it comes to R&D you guys are just totally tolerant within safety reasons I've already gotten that talk make sure you're safe but it's it's not like the US where it's literally you have to have like four permits to have a cow sitting in your backyard it's just crushing I mean I've been waiting for for years for permits and I still haven't gotten them in the US which is why I'm leaving I'm just tired of it I mean I talk to Canada they said

they give me the permits in a day so hopefully we can just look a come on that's fun but yeah definitely definitely the reactor I mean that thing is spitting out radioactive material I can literally like take silver and just sit it there and then like walk away for a little while I come back and literally just take it and then set it down for about 28 seconds and it melts at the caffeine and then I can leave it to scrape that into a bucket balance of nickel nickel cadmium battery and ingress no no no God no that extremely is that recording yeah too late now yeah it's no way like like it's technically they're legal but the EPA

gets involved and they were like we're gonna come and expect it and then the county gets their ball it's like why do you have a reactor in your backyard it's just like too much trouble yeah it's it's pretty awesome but yeah it's they're not as dangerous as you might think especially if you're not messing with uranium or plutonium which by the way you can totally YouTube and figure out how to make yellowcake uranium in your backyard it's pretty awesome that's another project not in the United States because that's high but yeah I'm looking at make some uranium just for fun but I also I need the uranium metal core for experiments I want to see how NASA is powering the

long distance satellites they're using uranium cores or plutonium course I can't remember which but yeah it's non weaponized anyway so doesn't matter it's a fuel based rod but it's uh it's designed to last like forever and that's how they're able to get way out to like Saturn Jupiter take all these crazy pictures and come all the way back plus you know thousands and thousands of pages of physics that are mine crippling so with this mentor in the backyard can you just use it to power up his house monitor DT reactor so mines not designed for power generation mine's designed for production of tritium so I use a lot of tritium in my experiments and so I need

to treat you I could care less about or the neutrons they just happen to have a use so for there but you know I really don't care about power but you could you totally could because it does release energy on every reaction obviously wine with koi I have to actually that's a good question how much power let me look into that well a couple grand degree and build it I mean a couple grand in the u.s. so I mean hey China's leg right next I mean we could build a few we could find out absolutely that's well that's the idea one of the projects I'm looking into is moving one of my power generation projects here and then

sucking in all the Bitcoin miners for another project of mine and I need I need the asset value of everything that they've got not so much the coins themselves but but yeah any other questions

catapult would react as well as you might think because it arts but a railgun would if the device could survive the exit but yes you didn't have to have someone crazy enough to get shot on a real gun all right okay um so the easiest way to understand a railgun is you have a long strip of magnets that are increasingly widening just barely and then you electrically charge the magnets and the more power you push in the more expelling power they have outward and what you do is you put something in the middle of it launch it perfectly through the middle so doesn't collide with either side the magnetic fields will balance it out in it lot is it really

really fast so the military of course us being who they are turn it to a gigantic killing weapon that can obliterate an entire countryside which of course they were gonna make it into a gun and not anything remotely cool and useful but yeah they put it on an aircraft carrier and they tested it once and blew up an entire mountain so it's safe to say it would bei prize an entire city just travel through it because you don't have a structure hardened to stop the round which is literally just a charm that they just launched at a stupid high speeds and it just obliterates everything the vacuum left behind is just there's no way they could ever fire

at anything without violating all humans and all the other rules like just bad news bears but yeah it's really cool

yeah unless she generated an opposing a magnetic field to repel the magnetic field so magnetic fields that are a matching pair of poems repel each other and so the idea is to generate a magnetic field with the magnetic fields that are matching pair magnetic fields which repels the object and so you'd have to just have the ability to generate more electricity inside than you would outside and that's the current problem is figuring that out which is where I'm hoping the power cord comes in because if that actually does work then you could use a rail gun to launch something into space which will be really cool and I'm gonna name it the Shepherd's deep cuz stargates my

favorite show but yeah pretty cool stuff and the questions know [Applause]